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Problems With Connectors (5): Cause Connectors.
(They decided to stay at home [because] [the weather] [was bad])
- They decided to stay at home
- (because): because
- (S): the weather
- (V): was bad
[OR]
(They decided to stay at home [because of] [the weather])
- They decided to stay at home
- (because of): because of
- (Noun): the weather
Avoid using (because of) before a subject and verb. Avoid using (because) before a noun which is not followed by a verb.
Examples:
Incorrect: Classes will be canceled tomorrow (because) a national holiday.
Correct: Classes will be canceled tomorrow (because) (it is) a national holiday.
[OR]
Correct: Classes will be canceled tomorrow (because of) (a national holiday).
Incorrect: She was absent (because of) (her cold was) worse.
Correct: She was absent (because) (her cold was) worse.
[OR]
Correct: She was absent (because of) (her cold).
Incorrect: John's Family is very happy (because) (his being awarded) a scholarship.
Correct: John's Family is very happy (because) (he has been awarded) a scholarship.
[OR]
Correct: John's Family is very happy (because of) (his being awarded) a scholarship.
Incorrect: She didn't buy it (because of) (the price was) too high.
Correct: She didn't buy it (because) (the price was) too high.
[OR]
Correct: She didn't buy it (because of) (the price).
Incorrect: It was difficult to see the road clearly (because) (the rain).
Correct: It was difficult to see the road clearly (because) (it was raining).
[OR]
Correct: It was difficult to see the road clearly (because of) (the rain).
- They decided to stay at home
- (because): because
- (S): the weather
- (V): was bad
[OR]
(They decided to stay at home [because of] [the weather])
- They decided to stay at home
- (because of): because of
- (Noun): the weather
Avoid using (because of) before a subject and verb. Avoid using (because) before a noun which is not followed by a verb.
Examples:
Incorrect: Classes will be canceled tomorrow (because) a national holiday.
Correct: Classes will be canceled tomorrow (because) (it is) a national holiday.
[OR]
Correct: Classes will be canceled tomorrow (because of) (a national holiday).
Incorrect: She was absent (because of) (her cold was) worse.
Correct: She was absent (because) (her cold was) worse.
[OR]
Correct: She was absent (because of) (her cold).
Incorrect: John's Family is very happy (because) (his being awarded) a scholarship.
Correct: John's Family is very happy (because) (he has been awarded) a scholarship.
[OR]
Correct: John's Family is very happy (because of) (his being awarded) a scholarship.
Incorrect: She didn't buy it (because of) (the price was) too high.
Correct: She didn't buy it (because) (the price was) too high.
[OR]
Correct: She didn't buy it (because of) (the price).
Incorrect: It was difficult to see the road clearly (because) (the rain).
Correct: It was difficult to see the road clearly (because) (it was raining).
[OR]
Correct: It was difficult to see the road clearly (because of) (the rain).
Problems With Connectors (4): Condition and unexpected result.
([Desptite] [his denial], we knew that he was guilty)
- (Despite): Despite
- (noun,): his denial,
- we knew that he was guilty
[OR]
([In spite of] [his denial,] we knew that he was guilty)
- (In spite of): In spite of
- (noun,): his denial,
- we knew that he was guilty
Avoid using (of) with (despite). Avoid omitting (of) after (in spite).
Examples:
Incorrect: (Despite of) the light rain, the baseball game was not canceled.
Correct: (Despite) the light rain, the baseball game was not canceled.
[OR]
Correct: (In spite of) the light rain, the baseball game was not canceled.
Incorrect: Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married (despite of) their disagreement.
Correct: Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married (despite) their disagreement.
[OR]
Correct: Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married (in spite of) their disagreement.
Incorrect: (In spite) the interruption, she was still able to finish her assignment before class.
Correct: (Despite) the interruption, she was still able to finish her assignment before class.
[OR]
Correct: (In spite of) the interruption, she was still able to finish her assignment before class.
Incorrect: (Despite of) their quarrel, they are very good friends.
Correct: (Despite) their quarrel, they are very good friends.
[OR]
Correct: (In spite of) their quarrel, they are very good friends.
Incorrect: (In spite) the delay, they arrived on time.
Correct: (Despite) the delay, they arrived on time.
[OR]
Correct: (In spite of) the delay, they arrived on time.
- (Despite): Despite
- (noun,): his denial,
- we knew that he was guilty
[OR]
([In spite of] [his denial,] we knew that he was guilty)
- (In spite of): In spite of
- (noun,): his denial,
- we knew that he was guilty
Avoid using (of) with (despite). Avoid omitting (of) after (in spite).
Examples:
Incorrect: (Despite of) the light rain, the baseball game was not canceled.
Correct: (Despite) the light rain, the baseball game was not canceled.
[OR]
Correct: (In spite of) the light rain, the baseball game was not canceled.
Incorrect: Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married (despite of) their disagreement.
Correct: Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married (despite) their disagreement.
[OR]
Correct: Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married (in spite of) their disagreement.
Incorrect: (In spite) the interruption, she was still able to finish her assignment before class.
Correct: (Despite) the interruption, she was still able to finish her assignment before class.
[OR]
Correct: (In spite of) the interruption, she was still able to finish her assignment before class.
Incorrect: (Despite of) their quarrel, they are very good friends.
Correct: (Despite) their quarrel, they are very good friends.
[OR]
Correct: (In spite of) their quarrel, they are very good friends.
Incorrect: (In spite) the delay, they arrived on time.
Correct: (Despite) the delay, they arrived on time.
[OR]
Correct: (In spite of) the delay, they arrived on time.
Problems With Connectors (3): Purpose Connectiors.
([He] [is studying] hard [so that] [he] [can pass] his exams)
- (S): He
- (V): is studying
- hard
- (so that): so that
- (S): he
- (V): can pass
- his exams
Remember that although the form (so) is commonly used instead of (so that) in spoken English, it is not considered correct in written English.
Avoid using (so) instead of (so that) as a purpose connector in written English.
Examples:
Incorrect: He borrowed the money (so) he could finish his education.
Correct: He borrowed the money (so that) he could finish his education.
Incorrect: Larry took a bus from New York to California (so) he could see the country.
Correct: Larry took a bus from New York to California (so that) he could see the country.
Incorrect: Many men join fraternities (so) they will be assured of group support.
Correct: Many men join fraternities (so that) they will be assured of group support.
Incorrect: Don't forget to register this week (so) you can vote in the election.
Correct: Don't forget to register this week (so that) you can vote in the election.
Incorrect: Every student needs a social security number (so) he can get a university identification card made.
Correct: Every student needs a social security number (so that) he can get a university identification card made.
- (S): He
- (V): is studying
- hard
- (so that): so that
- (S): he
- (V): can pass
- his exams
Remember that although the form (so) is commonly used instead of (so that) in spoken English, it is not considered correct in written English.
Avoid using (so) instead of (so that) as a purpose connector in written English.
Examples:
Incorrect: He borrowed the money (so) he could finish his education.
Correct: He borrowed the money (so that) he could finish his education.
Incorrect: Larry took a bus from New York to California (so) he could see the country.
Correct: Larry took a bus from New York to California (so that) he could see the country.
Incorrect: Many men join fraternities (so) they will be assured of group support.
Correct: Many men join fraternities (so that) they will be assured of group support.
Incorrect: Don't forget to register this week (so) you can vote in the election.
Correct: Don't forget to register this week (so that) you can vote in the election.
Incorrect: Every student needs a social security number (so) he can get a university identification card made.
Correct: Every student needs a social security number (so that) he can get a university identification card made.
Problems With Connectors (2): Question Words as Connectors.
(I don't remember what her name is)
- (S): I
- (V): don't remember
- (question word): what
- (S): her name
- (V): is
([Do] [you] remember [what] [her] [name] [is?])
- (V): Do
- (S): you
- remember
- (question word): what
- (S): her name
- (V): is?
Avoid using (do), (does), or (did) after the question word. Avoid using the verb before the subject after the question word.
Examples:
Incorrect: I didn't understand (what) (did he say).
Correct: I didn't understand (what) (he said).
Incorrect: Do you know (how much) (do they cost?)
Correct: Do you know (how much) (they cost?)
Incorrect: I wonder (when) (is her birthday).
Correct: I wonder (when) (her birthday is).
Incorrect: Could you please tell me (where) (is the post office?)
Correct: Could you please tell me (where) (the post office is?)
Incorrect: Did they tell you (what time) (does the movie start?)
Correct: Did they tell you (what time) (the movie started?)
- (S): I
- (V): don't remember
- (question word): what
- (S): her name
- (V): is
([Do] [you] remember [what] [her] [name] [is?])
- (V): Do
- (S): you
- remember
- (question word): what
- (S): her name
- (V): is?
Avoid using (do), (does), or (did) after the question word. Avoid using the verb before the subject after the question word.
Examples:
Incorrect: I didn't understand (what) (did he say).
Correct: I didn't understand (what) (he said).
Incorrect: Do you know (how much) (do they cost?)
Correct: Do you know (how much) (they cost?)
Incorrect: I wonder (when) (is her birthday).
Correct: I wonder (when) (her birthday is).
Incorrect: Could you please tell me (where) (is the post office?)
Correct: Could you please tell me (where) (the post office is?)
Incorrect: Did they tell you (what time) (does the movie start?)
Correct: Did they tell you (what time) (the movie started?)
Problems With Connectors (1): Inclusives and exclusives.
(He enjoys playing [basketball] [as well as] [football])
- He enjoys playing
- (noun): basket ball
- (as well as): as well as
- (noun): football
(He is [intelligent] [as well as] [athletic])
- He is
- (adjective): intelligent
- (as well as): as well as
- (adjective): athletic
(He enjoys playing [soccer] [and] [baseball] [as well as] [tennis])
- He enjoys playing
- (noun): soccer
- (and): and
- (noun): baseball
- (as well as): as well as
- (noun): tennis
(He is [intelligent] [and] [artistic] [as well as] [athletic])
- He is
- (adjective): intelligent
- (and): and
- (adjective): artistic
- (as well as): as well as
- (adjective): athletic
([Both] [Dr.Hery] [and] [miss smith] spoke)
- (both): Both
- (noun): Dr. Hery
- (and): and
- (noun): Miss Smith
- spoke
(The lecture was [both] [interesting] [and] [instructive] spoke)
- The lecture was - (both): both
- (adjective): interesting
- (and): and
- (adjective): instructive
- spoke
Avoid using (as well as) instead of (and) with (both). Avoid using (both...and) for more than two nouns or adjectives.
(One should take [not only] [cash] [but also] [traveler's checks])
- One should take
- (not only): not only
- (noun): cash
- (but also): but also
- (noun): traveler's checks
(Checks are [not only] [safer] [but also] [more conveniet]).
- Checks are
- (not only): not only
- (adjective): safer
- (but also): but also
- (adjective): more convenient
Avoid using (only not) instead of (not only). Avoid using (but) instead of (but also). Avoid using the incorrect pattern:
(Not only cash but traveler's checks also)
- (not only): not only
- (noun): cash
- (but): but
- (noun): traveler's checks
- (also): also
(Not only safer but more convenient also)
- (not only): not only
- (adjective): safer
- (but): but
- (adjective): more convenient
- (also): also
(The largest university is [not] [Minnesota] [but] [Ohio state]).
- The largest university is
- (not): not
- (noun): Minnesota
- (but): but
- (noun): Ohio State
(The school color is [not] [blue] [but] [red]).
- The school color is
- (not): not
- (adjective): Blue
- (but): but
- (adjective): red
Avoid using (only) instead of (but).
Examples:
Incorrect: The program provides (only not) theoretical classes (but also) practical training.
Correct: The program provides (not only) theoretical classes (but also) practical training.
Incorrect: (Both Mary, Ellen and) Jean are going on the tour.
Correct: (Mary (and) Ellen (as well as) Jean are going on the tour.
[OR]
Correct: (Both) Mary (and) Ellen are going on the tour.
Incorrect: According to the, she died (not) of injuries sustained in the accident, (only) of a heart attack.
Correct: According to the, she died (not) of injuries sustained in the accident, (But) of a heart attack.
Incorrect: The new models are (not only) less expensive (but more) difficient also.
Correct: The new models are (not only) less expensive (but also) more difficient.
Incorrect: She speaks (both) English (as well as) Spanish at home.
Correct: She speaks (both) English (and) Spanish at home.
- He enjoys playing
- (noun): basket ball
- (as well as): as well as
- (noun): football
(He is [intelligent] [as well as] [athletic])
- He is
- (adjective): intelligent
- (as well as): as well as
- (adjective): athletic
(He enjoys playing [soccer] [and] [baseball] [as well as] [tennis])
- He enjoys playing
- (noun): soccer
- (and): and
- (noun): baseball
- (as well as): as well as
- (noun): tennis
(He is [intelligent] [and] [artistic] [as well as] [athletic])
- He is
- (adjective): intelligent
- (and): and
- (adjective): artistic
- (as well as): as well as
- (adjective): athletic
([Both] [Dr.Hery] [and] [miss smith] spoke)
- (both): Both
- (noun): Dr. Hery
- (and): and
- (noun): Miss Smith
- spoke
(The lecture was [both] [interesting] [and] [instructive] spoke)
- The lecture was - (both): both
- (adjective): interesting
- (and): and
- (adjective): instructive
- spoke
Avoid using (as well as) instead of (and) with (both). Avoid using (both...and) for more than two nouns or adjectives.
(One should take [not only] [cash] [but also] [traveler's checks])
- One should take
- (not only): not only
- (noun): cash
- (but also): but also
- (noun): traveler's checks
(Checks are [not only] [safer] [but also] [more conveniet]).
- Checks are
- (not only): not only
- (adjective): safer
- (but also): but also
- (adjective): more convenient
Avoid using (only not) instead of (not only). Avoid using (but) instead of (but also). Avoid using the incorrect pattern:
(Not only cash but traveler's checks also)
- (not only): not only
- (noun): cash
- (but): but
- (noun): traveler's checks
- (also): also
(Not only safer but more convenient also)
- (not only): not only
- (adjective): safer
- (but): but
- (adjective): more convenient
- (also): also
(The largest university is [not] [Minnesota] [but] [Ohio state]).
- The largest university is
- (not): not
- (noun): Minnesota
- (but): but
- (noun): Ohio State
(The school color is [not] [blue] [but] [red]).
- The school color is
- (not): not
- (adjective): Blue
- (but): but
- (adjective): red
Avoid using (only) instead of (but).
Examples:
Incorrect: The program provides (only not) theoretical classes (but also) practical training.
Correct: The program provides (not only) theoretical classes (but also) practical training.
Incorrect: (Both Mary, Ellen and) Jean are going on the tour.
Correct: (Mary (and) Ellen (as well as) Jean are going on the tour.
[OR]
Correct: (Both) Mary (and) Ellen are going on the tour.
Incorrect: According to the, she died (not) of injuries sustained in the accident, (only) of a heart attack.
Correct: According to the, she died (not) of injuries sustained in the accident, (But) of a heart attack.
Incorrect: The new models are (not only) less expensive (but more) difficient also.
Correct: The new models are (not only) less expensive (but also) more difficient.
Incorrect: She speaks (both) English (as well as) Spanish at home.
Correct: She speaks (both) English (and) Spanish at home.
Problems With Comparatives (7): Double Comparatives.
(The more you review, the easier the patterns will be)
- (The): The
- (comparative): more
- (S): you
- (V,): review,
- (the): the
- (comparative): easier
- (S): the patterns
- (V): will be
Remember that a comparative is (more) or (less) with an adjectives, or an adjective with (-er).
Avoid using (as) instead of (the). Avoid using the incorrect form (lesser. Avoid omitting (the). Avoid omitting (- er) from the adjective.
Examples:
Incorrect: (The more) you study during the semester, (the lesser) you have to study the week before exams.
Correct: (The more) you study during the semester, (the less) you have to study the week before exams.
Incorrect: (The faster) we finish, (the soon) we can leave.
Correct: (The faster) we finish, (the sooner) we can leave.
Incorrect: (The less) one earns, (the lesser) one must pay in income taxes.
Correct: (The less) one earns, (the less) one must pay in income taxes.
Incorrect: (The louder) he shouted, (less) he convinced anyone.
Correct: (The louder) he shouted, (the less) he convinced anyone.
Incorrect: (The more) you practice speaking, (the well) you will do it.
correct: (The more) you practice speaking, (the better) you will do it.
- (The): The
- (comparative): more
- (S): you
- (V,): review,
- (the): the
- (comparative): easier
- (S): the patterns
- (V): will be
Remember that a comparative is (more) or (less) with an adjectives, or an adjective with (-er).
Avoid using (as) instead of (the). Avoid using the incorrect form (lesser. Avoid omitting (the). Avoid omitting (- er) from the adjective.
Examples:
Incorrect: (The more) you study during the semester, (the lesser) you have to study the week before exams.
Correct: (The more) you study during the semester, (the less) you have to study the week before exams.
Incorrect: (The faster) we finish, (the soon) we can leave.
Correct: (The faster) we finish, (the sooner) we can leave.
Incorrect: (The less) one earns, (the lesser) one must pay in income taxes.
Correct: (The less) one earns, (the less) one must pay in income taxes.
Incorrect: (The louder) he shouted, (less) he convinced anyone.
Correct: (The louder) he shouted, (the less) he convinced anyone.
Incorrect: (The more) you practice speaking, (the well) you will do it.
correct: (The more) you practice speaking, (the better) you will do it.
